The try
block lets you test a block of code for errors.
The except
block lets you handle the error.
The else
block lets you execute code when there is no error.
The finally block lets you execute code, regardless of the result of the try- and except blocks.
When an error occurs, or exception as we call it, Python will normally stop and generate an error message.
These exceptions can be handled using the try statement:
The try block will generate an exception, because x is not defined:
try:
print(x)
except:
print("An exception occurred")
Since the try block raises an error, the except block will be executed.
Without the try block, the program will crash and raise an error:
This statement will raise an error, because x is not defined:
print(x)
You can define as many exception blocks as you want, e.g. if you want to execute a special block of code for a special kind of error:
Example Print one message if the try block raises a NameError and another for other errors:
try:
print(x)
except NameError:
print("Variable x is not defined")
except:
print("Something else went wrong")
You can use the else keyword to define a block of code to be executed if no errors were raised:
Example In this example, the try block does not generate any error:
try:
print("Hello")
except:
print("Something went wrong")
else:
print("Nothing went wrong")
The finally block, if specified, will be executed regardless if the try block raises an error or not.
Example
try:
print(x)
except:
print("Something went wrong")
finally:
print("The 'try except' is finished")
This can be useful to close objects and clean up resources:
Example Try to open and write to a file that is not writable:
try:
f = open("demofile.txt")
try:
f.write("Lorum Ipsum")
except:
print("Something went wrong when writing to the file")
finally:
f.close()
except:
print("Something went wrong when opening the file")
The program can continue, without leaving the file object open.
As a Python developer you can choose to throw an exception if a condition occurs.
To throw (or raise) an exception, use the raise keyword.
Example Raise an error and stop the program if x is lower than 0:
x = -1
if x < 0:
raise Exception("Sorry, no numbers below zero")
The raise
keyword is used to raise an exception.
You can define what kind of error to raise, and the text to print to the user.
Example Raise a TypeError if x is not an integer:
x = "hello"
if not type(x) is int:
raise TypeError("Only integers are allowed")